Bài giảng Chuyên đề môn Tiếng Anh - Các từ (cụm từ) diễn tả số lượng (Expressions of quantity)

 CHUYÊN ĐỀ 
 CÁC TỪ (CỤM TỪ) DIỄN TẢ SỐ LƯỢNG (EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
I. Some/Any
Cả some và any đều được dùng để chỉ một số lượng không xác định khi không thể 
hay không cần phải nêu rõ số lượng chính xác
1. Some: một ít, một vài
* “Some” thường được đặt trong câu khẳng định, trước danh từ đếm được (số nhiều) 
hoặc danh từ không đếm được.
EX: I want some milk. - 
 I need some eggs.
* Đôi khi “some” được dùng trong câu hỏi (khi chúng t among chờ câu trả lời là 
YES. Hoặc được dùng trong câu yêu cầu, lời mời hoặc lời đề nghị. 
EX: Did you buy some oranges? 
 Would you like some more coffee? May I go out for some drink?
2. Any: một ít, một vài
* “Any” thường đặt trước danh từ đếm được (số nhiều) hoặc danh từ không đếm 
được trong câu phủ định hoặc nghi vấn.
EX: Do you want any sugar? She didn’t see any boys in her class.
* “Any” được dùng trong mệnh đề khẳng định, trước danh từ số ít (đếm được hoặc 
không đếm được) hoặc sau các từ có nghĩa phủ định (never, hardly, scarely, 
without.)
EX: I’m free all day. Come and see me any time you like. 
 He’s lazy. He never does any work
 If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
 If you need any more money, please let me know.
Notes:
- Khi danh từ đã được xác định, chúng ta có thể dùng some và any không có danh từ 
theo sau
EX: Tim wanted some milk, but he couldn’t find any. EX: Do you know many people here? 
Or We didn’t spend much money for Christmas presents. But we spent a lot of 
money for the party
Tuy nhiên trong lối văn trang trọng, đôi khi chúng ta có thể dùng many và much 
trong câu xác định. Và trong lối nói thân mật, a lot of cũng có thể dùng được trong 
câu phủ định và nghi vấn
Ex: Many students have financial problem
 There was much bad driving on the road
 I don’t have many/ a lot of friends
 Do you eat much/ a lot of fruit?
- Notes: 
 -Khi trong câu xác định có các từ “very, too, so, as.” thì phải dùng “Much, 
Many”. (Không được dùng a lot of, lots of, plenty of)
 EX: There is too much bad news on TV tonight.
 There are too many mistakes in your writing.
 There are so many people here that I feel tired.
Very much thường được dùng trong câu khẳng định như một trạng từ, chứ không 
phải là từ hạn định
Ex: I very much enjoy travelling. 
 Or Thank you very much
Many of, much of + determiner/ pronoun
Ex: I won’t pass the exam; I’ve missed many of my lessons.
 You can’t see much of a country in a week.
III.Few, A few, Little, A little:
1. Few/ A few: dùng trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều.
 * FEW: rất ít, hầu như không có (chỉ số lượng rất ít, không nhiều như mong 
muốn, thường có nghĩa phủ định)
 EX: I don’t want to take the trip to Hue because I have few friends 
there. 2. All of, most of, some of, none of: được dùng trước các từ hạn định (a, an, the, my, 
his, this, ) và các đại từ
Ex: Some of those people are very friendly.
Or Most of her friends live abroad.
NOTES:
- Chúng ta có thể bỏ of sau all hoặc half khi of đứng trước từ hạn định (không được 
bỏ of khi of đứng trước đại từ
Ex: All (of) my friends live in London. But all of them have been to the meeting
 Half (of) this money is mine, and half of it is yours
- Chúng ta thường không dùng of khi không có từ hạn định (mạo từ hoặc từ sở hữu) 
 đứng trước danh từ. Tuy nhiên trong một vài trường hợp most of cũng có thể được 
 dùng mà không có từ hạn định theo sau, ví dụ như trước các tên riêng và địa danh.
Ex: The Romans conquered most of England
- Các cụm danh từ đứng sau all of, most of, some of, thường xác định (phải có the, 
 these, those, hoặc các tính từ sở hữu)
 Ex: Most of the boys in my class want to choose well-paid job
- Chúng ta có thể bỏ danh từ sau all, most, some, none nếu nghĩa đã rõ ràng
 Ex: I wanted some cake, but there was none left. 
 Or The band sang a few songs. Most were old ones, but some were new.
V. Every, each
Thường được dùng trước danh từ đếm được ở số ít
Ex: The police questioned every/ each person in the building. 
Or Every/ each room has a number
Trong nhiều trường hợp, every và each có thể được dùng với nghĩa tương tự nhau
Ex: You look more beautiful each/ every time I see you
Tuy nhiên every và each vẫn có sự khác biệt nhau về nghĩa
- Every (mỗi, mọi)
Chúng ta dùng every khi chúng ta nghĩ về người hoặc vật như một tổng thể hoặc một 
nhóm (cùng nghĩa với all)
Ex: Every guest watched as the President came in. 
Or I go for a walk every day When majority/minority mean a specific percentage, you may use either a singular 
or a plural verb:
A 75% majority have/has voted against the measure.
A 10% minority are/is opposed to the measure.
When majority/minority refers to a specified set of persons, use a plural verb:
A majority of Canadians have voted for change.
A minority of the students are willing to pay more.
 Expressions of time, money and distance usually take a singular verb:
Ten dollars is a great deal of money to a child.
Ten kilometres is too far to walk.
Six weeks is not long enough.
 Expressions using the phrase number of depend on the meaning of the phrase:
They take a singular verb when referring to a single quantity:
The number of students registered in the class is 20.
They take plural verbs when they are used as indefinite quantifiers
A number of students were late
Các đề thi tốt nghiệp các năm vận dụng câu hỏi về lượng từ 
quốc gia
 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate 
the correct answer to each of the questions.
 TEENAGERS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
 In many countries, there is a widespread perception that teenagers’ lives nowadays are 
dominated by technology. However, the information (26) ______was gathered in a recent study of 
Australian teenagers' use of and attitudes towards technology suggests that this view doesn't reflect 
the reality of their everyday existence. The research by academics from the University of Canberra 
in Australia found that, while most teenagers had ready access to home computers, mobile phones 
and (27) ______electronic devices, they generally spent more time on traditional (28) ______such 
technology. Accessing social media and playing computer games ranked as low as ninth and tenth 
respectively among the ten most common after-school activities.
 Fifteen-year-old Laura Edmonds is one of the teenagers surveyed. She admits to being very (29) 
______ to her smartphone and makes full use of various apps, (30) ______ if she needs to unwind 
after a hard day at school, she tends to “hang out with my friends, listen to music or chat with my 
mum and dad”.
 (Adapted from Exam Essentials Practice Tests - Cambridge English by Tom Bradbury and Eunice Yeates)
Question 26: A. whenB. whichC. whereD. who 
Question 27: A. oneB. everyC. otherD. another 
Question 28: A. operationsB. pursuitsC. eventsD. incidents 
Question 29: A. enclosedB. attachedC. relatedD. conformed 
Question 30: A. norB. tillC. likeD. but
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the 
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 34 to 38. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the 
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.
 YOUR ONLINE IDENTITY
 Presenting yourself in the best possible light to a prospective employer is what job applications 
are all about. (26) _______ when you put together a compelling CV, write your concise covering 
letter and check your LinkedIn profile, you might also want to “Google” yourself and see what 
comes up, because increasingly that’s what employers are doing. Your online identity, in (27) 
_______ your Facebook profile, could in fact be considered the ultimate CV - a personal, honest 
and spontaneous description of how you see yourself and how those (28) _______ know you see 
you.
 That’s not to say that a potential employer is necessarily going to disapprove of your silly 
behaviours on a night out with friends, indeed, they might be looking for an extrovert character. But 
it does mean they will be examining your real interests and motivations and mining (29) _______ 
sited for clues to your true character. So if you say in your CV you’re a motivated, loyal team 
player and then criticize your employer to friends on Facebook, that’s probably not going to go (30) 
_______. Try Googling yourself and then ask: “Would you hire you?”
 (Adapted from Keynote by Paul Dummett, Helen Stephenson and Lewis Lansford)
Question 26: A. NorB. SoC. OrD. Till
Question 27: A. particularB. allC. generalD. short 
Question 28: A. whereB. whatC. whoD. which 
Question 29: A. everyB. eachC. suchD. much 
Question 30: A. unjustifiedB. unnoticedC. unchangedD. unattended
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the 
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 26 to 30.
 The Best Students
 According to most professors, mature students are ideal students because they are hard-working 
and become actively involved in all aspects of the learning process. The majority of mature students 
have a poor educational (26)__________ but they manage to do exceptionally well at tertiary level.
(27)______ many of them have a job and children to raise, they are always present at seminars and 
lectures and always hand in essays on time. They like studying and writing essays and they enjoy 
the class discussions (28)_______ take place. Consequently, they achieve excellent results. In fact, 
as they have experienced many of life’s pleasures, they are content with their lives and this has a 
positive effect on their attitude, making them eager to learn.
On the other hand, despite their enthusiasm and commitment, mature students suffer from anxiety. 
The fact that they have made (29) __________ sacrifices to get into university puts extra pressure 
on them to succeed. Nevertheless, completing a degree gives mature students a sense of 
achievement, (30)_____________ their confidence and improves their job prospects.
 (Adapted from Use of English for All Exams by E. Moutsou)
Question 26: A. development B. background C. basement D. institution